Known values

Country codes, currency codes, status codes: reference data is usually a short list of values that the domain names and the wire carries as text. A C# enum names them but carries neither validation nor a stable wire format; a bare string carries the format and nothing else. A value object with known values does both.

Declare the values

[ValueObject<string>(ValueSet = ValueSetKind.Closed, MinLength = 2, MaxLength = 2, SchemaFormat = "iso-3166-alpha2")]
[KnownValue("France", "FR", Description = "France")]
[KnownValue("Belgium", "BE", Description = "Belgium")]
[KnownValue("Luxembourg", "LU", Description = "Luxembourg")]
public readonly partial struct CountryCode : IValueObjectNormalizer<string>
{
    public static string NormalizeValue(string value) => value.Trim().ToUpperInvariant();
}

Each [KnownValue] takes a member name and a value. The generator turns them into:

• Named constants: CountryCode.France, CountryCode.Belgium, CountryCode.Luxembourg.
• CountryCode.KnownValues: every known value, as an ImmutableArray<CountryCode> in declaration order.
• A membership check: with ValueSet = ValueSetKind.Closed, anything else is rejected with value_object.not_a_known_value, through a frozen lookup.
• An OpenAPI enum: ["FR", "BE", "LU"], so clients see the accepted values without anyone restating them.

Use it

var country = CountryCode.Create(" be ");       // normalized, then found in the set
country == CountryCode.Belgium                  // true

CountryCode.TryCreate("ZZ", out _, out var validation);
validation.ErrorCode                            // "value_object.not_a_known_value"

foreach (var known in CountryCode.KnownValues)  // FR, BE, LU
{
}

The membership check runs after normalization and the declared rules, like every other rule. " be " is accepted because it becomes "BE" first.

Open sets

Without ValueSet = ValueSetKind.Closed, the set is open: the constants and KnownValues are still generated, but any value that satisfies the other rules is accepted. That suits a list the domain names only in part, such as the currencies the application treats specially among all ISO 4217 codes.

Values that are not strings

An attribute argument can only be a constant, so a Guid, a decimal or a DateOnly is written as invariant-culture text and converted at compile time. A value that does not convert is VO0013; a member name that is not a valid C# identifier is VO0006; a closed set with no value at all is VO0005, since no value could ever be valid.

Next: From request to database, which puts these types behind an API.